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The Academic Essay as a Basis for Research Paper Writing
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10.08.2012 |
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements 7
Acronyms 8
Introduction 9
1 The Notion of Academic Communication 12
1.1 The notions of text and discourse 12
1.2 The characteristics of academic discourse 13
1.2.1 The concept of an academic discourse community 13
1.2.2 Contextual aspects in academic discourse 18
1.2.2.2 Subtypes of context 19
1.2.2.3 Contextual constraints 20
1.2.3 Cultural differences in the academic context 23
1.2.4 Discursive competence and communicative competence 28
1.3 The notion of genre and related terms 30
1.3.1 Genre analysis in an academic setting 30
1.3.1.1 Genre as a communicative event 30
1.3.1.2 Genre in academic discourse 31
1.3.2 Differences between the terms genre and text types or organizational patterns 32
1.3.2.1 Genres and subgenres 32
1.3.2.2 Curriculum genres and their organizational patterns 36
1.3.3 Contextual use of organizational patterns in written discourse 38
1.3.3.1 The notion of schematic structures 38
1.3.3.2 Global and local coherence 39
1.3.3.3 Textual signals 39
1.3.3.4 Moves in writing 40
1.4 Summary 43
2 The Essay as a Genre of Academic Writing 44
2.1 The notion of an academic essay 44
2.1.1 The composition and the essay 44
2.1.2 Study writing and creativity 45
2.2 Organizational patterns and essay types 48
2.2.1 The communicative purpose 48
2.2.2 From task to essay 49
2.2.3 Views on the classification of organizational patterns 50
2.2.4 Types of information order 52
2.2.5 Essay types and essay prompts 53
2.3 Basic organizational patterns in essay writing 55
2.3.1 Narrative 55
2.3.2 Description v. process 56
2.3.3 The notion of expository writing 59
2.3.3.1 Example v. illustration 59
2.3.3.2 Comparison and/or contrast 60
2.3.3.3 Cause and effect 61
2.3.3.4 Classification 64
2.3.3.5 Definition 65
2.3.3.6 Discursive writing 67
2.3.4 Argumentative and persuasive writing 68
2.3.4.1 Argumentative essay types 68
2.3.4.2 Ways of reasoning 71
2.3.4.3 Fallacies of reasoning 73
2.3.5 Problem-solution writing 74
2.3.6 Reflective writing 76
2.4 Basic parts of an essay 77
2.4.1 A title as a textual signal 77
2.4.2 Paragraph types 78
2.4.2.1 Introduction 79
2.4.2.2 Body 82
2.4.2.3 Transitional paragraphs 83
2.4.2.4 Conclusion 84
2.4.3 References 85
2.5 Criteria for essay assessment 85
2.6 Summary 87
3 Analyses of Students’ Papers 89
3.1 Qualitative analyses of students’ papers 89
3.1.1 Analyses of paragraphs 90
3.1.2 Analyses of essays 92
3.1.2.1 A contrast essay 92
3.1.2.2 An effect-causes essay 94
3.1.2.3 A classification essay 97
3.1.2.4 A problem-solution essay 98
3.1.2.5 Argumentative essays 101
3.2 Main errors in students’ essays 106
3.3 Summary 110
Conclusion 111
Appendix 1 Transition signals 112
References 114
Index 123